Avicenna (980­1037) was an Iranian philosopher and physician. He wrote 
the influential yet controversial Book of Healing  (Kitab ash-Shifa) which 
contains numerous treatises on topics including Aristotelian logic, the 
natural sciences, metaphysics and psychology. His own philosophy went 
against orthodox Islamic thinking. He denied the concept of personal 
immortality and believed that God had no interest in individuals.